The 2023 – NCERT Controversy and the Left –all-out attack in the name of secularism, science and pedagogy – 250 signatories letter shot! (2)

The 2023 – NCERT Controversy and the Left –all-out attack in the name of secularism, science and pedagogy – 250 signatories letter shot! (2)

What Jamia Milia Islamia to do with NCERT?: In addition to the external experts, the NCERT also held consultations with 16  CBSE-nominated schoolteachers from various disciplines, the minister’s reply suggested. This newspaper on Wednesday wrote to Saklani, the NCERT director, asking on what basis the experts had been selected for the consultations, and why the original writers were not consulted. Saklani did not respond to these two specific questions but said the expert committees had thoroughly examined the content and recommended removals uniformly (across subjects) “without any selective approach”. Neshat Quiser, a retired professor of sociology who taught at the Jamia Millia Islamia, told this newspaper: “I don’t know if the NCERT invited the scholars who wrote the sociology books while revising the existing books. It would have been good to have a lively academic discussion with them for a better understanding before the revisions were undertaken.” Yadav said that when these books were first written, the NCERT had subjected them to multiple layers of scrutiny. 

Who can decide about pedagogy and their burden – historians or school teachers?: There were chief advisers and a team of authors who were experts either on the subject or on pedagogy. The advisory committee for the textbooks in the social sciences was headed by the late Hari Vasudevan, then professor of history, Calcutta University. There was a national monitoring committee, co-chaired by eminent academics G.P. Deshpande and Mrinal Miri, that vetted all the textbooks for accuracy and appropriateness.  “Any revision of these books must go through a similar rigorous process,” Yadav said. While writing and approving the book Politics in India Since Independence, special caution was taken to ensure factual accuracy and political neutrality since it covered sensitive topics, Yadav said. The book was reviewed by leading scholars in the social sciences such as Sunil Khilnani, Mahesh Rangarajan and Ramachandra Guha before it went to the national monitoring committee.

Revision has been going on for many years: As for the NCERT giving no explanations for the individual deletions, Yadav contrasted it with the transparent way an expert committee had removed cartoons from a political science textbook a decade ago. In 2012, after a controversy had broken out over these cartoons — some of them deemed derogatory to Babasaheb Ambedkar — an expert committee was set up under Sukhadeo Thorat, then chairperson of the Indian Council of Social Science Research. Yadav said the committee had called the authors of the book, the advisers and a wide range of political scientists and sought their views. “We were called and gave our views even though Prof. Palshikar and I had already resigned as chief advisers. We disagreed with the committee, but the committee gave reasons for its recommendation for the deletion of certain cartoons,” Yadav said. “But during the repeated revisions these books underwent since 2014, we were never consulted.

The authors have no say about the syllabus, portions etc: As far as I can tell, none of the authors has been involved in this process. “We don’t know, for example, the reasons for dropping the content on the Gujarat riots while retaining the content on the anti-Sikh riots, or the reasons for dropping facts about the ban on the RSS after Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination.”[1] Rajmohan Gndhi condemned about the deletion of Gandhi[2]. Yadav said that textbooks should be open to correction if they contain factual inaccuracies or anything inappropriate. He wondered what reasons there could be for the latest deletions. “The best explanation can come from those who decided to delete them,” Palshikar said. This newspaper contacted some of the experts consulted for the revisions. Kadam declined comment. “We don’t have the mandate to go out in public, to the press,” he said. Bhatt, speaking on Saturday afternoon, said: “Call me after three days.” Khobung and Pandey did not answer phone calls and are yet to respond to emails.

The ‘histories’ are widely circulated today through WhatsApp and other social media applications: A group of historians has raised concerns over the NCERT’s move to delete certain topics from history books for CBSE students. In a statement on Friday, they said they were “appalled” by the NCERT’s decision to delete the topics, particularly for Class 12, and called the move “a matter of deep concern”. The signatories of the statement include Romila Thapar, Jayati Gosh, Mridula Mukherjee, Apoorvanada, Irfan Habib and Upinder Singh, among others[3]. The other signatories included professors from Delhi University (DU) and its affiliated colleges, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Jamia Millia Islamia, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), and Ambedkar University, among others.”By reducing the study of history to such monolithic accounts, the ground is being prepared for pseudo-histories, especially of a communal and casteist variety, to hold sway. In any case, such ‘histories’ are widely circulated today through WhatsApp and other social media applications,” the historians said, alluding to an alleged attempt to insert politics in education[4]. As for at the propaganda is concerned, the Communists of all the categories cannot be beaten, as they have been the masters in such subject matter.

How the pedagogy of science and history differ?: The media has been biased in telling the truth, particularly, during the prevailing conditions. Here also, first the objection is given importance and circulated as main news. The clarification gien by the NCERT has not been given any importance[5] relegating to background. The details given in their wesite also have not been read by many[6]. Thus, the readers are made or forced to read the objection first and forgetting the accused and hearing to him / her. Thus, they are not bothered about, “audi alteram partem,” just try the target, accuse, make him accused and hang. No principles of natural justice etc., you can sit as a judge, a lawyer, witness and all, decide the case and pass judhgment also. Here, also the difference between “Science” and “history” can be noted. By reducing the syllabus, the teachers, professors or students are not so worried as overanxoys exhibited by the historians, who claim that they used to work with scientific temper and following scientific methodology.

Why the Left always carry out such propagandist attacks?: Without reading, many groups have also starting condemning and manufacturing news. Thus, evidently, they (media) continue to support their ideological friends, historians and history writers who continue to divide Indians on some reason. To cite one example, the whole fight of their acrimonious, spiteful and antagonistic attitude, verbose and arguments againt “Temple” has been tested at the Courts and proven wrong. Ironically, their own collegues have been censured by the Court for deposing and giving false evidences. Yet, they continue to suppress the facts and pose as saviours, protectors and redeemers of history, historiography, historiosophy, etc.  Now they are worried about the Schools text books, syllabus, burden, pedagogy etc. At the University and college levels, they could not produce students with discipline, decency and decorum. They could not inculcate any tinge of patriotism, nationalism and devotion to their own country, but, always take every chance to criticize, blame and abuse their own county, that too, at the cost of supporting the countries that harm India and Indians. Thoroghout the world, perhaps, only in India, Indians could talk ill of their country under the guise of freedom of thought, right, opinion and so on. With all these proven credentials, they want to interfere with schools, school syllabus, portions etc., Why cannot they concentrate with their academic activities? Why can not they teach their students properly and make them good, honest and faithful Indians?

© Vedaprakash

10-04-2023

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[1] Indian Express, Rajmohan Gandhi writes on textbook deletions: You can’t delete Gandhi’s truth, Written by Rajmohan Gandhi, Updated: April 8, 2023 16:59 IST.

[2] https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rajmohan-gandhi-textbook-deletions-mahatma-gandhi-8542909/

[3] NDTV, “Histories Circulated On WhatsApp”: Historians On NCERT Textbook Move, India News, Reported by Saurabh Shukla, Edited by Anisha PrakashUpdated: April 08, 2023 9:40 pm IST

[4] https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/histories-circulated-on-whatsapp-historians-on-ncert-textbook-move-3931925

[5] List of Rationalised Content

•   List of Rationalised Content – Class 6
•   List of Rationalised Content – Class 7
•   List of Rationalised Content – Class 8
•   List of Rationalised Content – Class 9
•   List of Rationalised Content – Class 10
•   List of Rationalised Content – Class 11
•   List of Rationalised Content – Class 12

By clicking each, one can download the booklet and read the rationalization carried out in each subject for the respective classes.

[6] https://ncert.nic.in/rationalised-content.php

The 2023 – NCERT Controversy and the Left –all-out attack in the name of secularism, science and pedagogy! (1)

The 2023 – NCERT Controversy and the Left –all-out attack in the name of secularism, science and pedagogy! (1)

The Telegraph’s Editorial 10-04-2023: The Telegraph published the news and as well its editorial passing the judgment., “An exercise in ‘rationalisation’ should be pivoted on reason. Ironically, when it comes to ‘rationalising’ educational curriculum, the rationale often undermines reason[1]. The latest — the third instance in the last six years — tweaks to textbooks, mostly of history, political science and sociology, by the National Council of Educational Research and Training is a case in point[2]. The motive then is not rationalisation: it is modification and distortion. Such an intervention — encroachment — is not surprising. Independent India has been witness to the formulation of a cosy relationship between politics and pedagogy. The goal, evidently, is to exercise control over thought processes to bring about an ideological transition in a captive audience. A controlled — curbed — curriculum would lead to the stifling of curiosity and questioning. This intellectual retardation has the potential to damage democracy by churning out a generation of passive, unquestioning citizens. Political meddling with curriculum must be resisted from within institutions. India’s new generation must also be encouraged to tap into unprejudiced sources of knowledge — this, after all, is the age of information — to be alert to pedagogical imbalances.”

NCERT’s clarification: The Telegraph continued: However, the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has denied any recent curriculum trimming and asserts that the syllabus was rationalised in June last year[3]. According to a note on the NCERT’s website, the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a reduction in content load on students. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 also emphasises reducing content load and providing opportunities for experiential learning with a creative mindset[4]. As a result, the NCERT undertook the exercise to rationalize textbooks across all classes and subjects. The present edition of textbooks is a reformatted version after the changes, and the textbooks are rationalised textbooks that were rationalized for the session 2022-23 and will continue in 2023-24. Subjects were dropped during the rationalization due to content based on genres of literature, reducing curriculum load and exam stress, content that is easily accessible to students without teacher intervention, and content that is “irrelevant” in the present context. An official from the education ministry said the new curriculum framework under the NEP is still being worked out, and new textbooks according to the updated curriculum will only be introduced from the 2024 academic session.

The reasons for deleting have not been communicated to the original authors or the public: The Telegraph continued: The National Council of Educational Research and Training purged select content from textbooks of different subjects without consulting the original authors of the books, many of these authors have confirmed to The Telegraph[5]. The NCERT made the changes after consulting external experts, the majority of them schoolteachers[6]. However, the reasons for deleting the specific contents — for instance, chapters on the Mughals and the Gujarat riots from the Class XII history and political science textbooks, respectively — have not been communicated to the original authors or the public, claim the Telegraph. It is not known why such thngs should be informed to the public or the auhours. The authors write as per the directions of the NCERT. Had the auhors published the books, then, they may be informed by the publishers or rather, it is carried on as per the agreement. This newspaper’s efforts to elicit the specific reasons for the various deletions from the NCERT director and the external experts remained unfruitful, with some declining comment and others failing to respond, seeking time, or giving evasive answers.

The Telgraph knows the reason: Having made such comments, the Telegraph says, “The generic reason for the deletions — carried out last year — that the national academic body has given is the need to lighten the academic load on the pupils following the disruptions caused by the pandemic. However, several academics — including a few of the authors of the textbooks — have objected to the procedure followed by the NCERT to carry out the revisions, with some of them smelling a “political agenda” behind the changes. “It’s hard to avoid the impression that the so-called committees involved in the revision have rubber-stamped what they were told to do by the powers that be,” Yogendra Yadav, former senior fellow at the Centre for the Studies of Developing Societies (CSDS) and one of the authors of the now-revised political science textbooks for Classes IX to XII, told this newspaper.”

As usual the Left-Marxist-Communist historians protest: The Telegraph continued: Suhas Palshikar, former professor with Pune University who was chief adviser for the political science textbooks for Classes IX to XII along with Yadav, said: “There seems to be arbitrariness and a political agenda behind these deletions.” A statement issued on Saturday by over 300 eminent academics from history and other disciplines, too, confirmed that the deletions from the NCERT’s history textbooks were carried out without consulting the original authors. “Guided by a divisive and partisan agenda, the NCERT by selectively deleting several important themes from school textbooks is not only doing great disservice to the composite heritage of the Indian subcontinent but betraying the aspirations of the Indian masses,” the statement said. The signatories included historians Romila Thapar, Irfan Habib, Kumkum Roy, Mridula Mukherjee and Sucheta Mahajan.

Politicization and ideologization of history: The Telegraph continued: The NCERT has dropped content on the Gujarat riots, the ban on the RSS following Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination, references to Hindu extremists killing Gandhi, the “controversies regarding (the) Emergency”, among others, from the book Politics in India Since Independence, taught in Class XII. However, it has retained text on the anti-Sikh riots of 1984[7]. Content on Jawaharlal Nehru, the Mughals, the caste system and social discrimination has been drastically reduced from the textbooks of history, political science and sociology for various classes[8]. NCERT director Dinesh Prasad Saklani has said that content was shed from all books across classes and subjects, and that this was done “professionally” by subject experts.This newspaper has scrutinised the replies the government has made in Parliament on the subject, and obtained details of the experts associated with the textbook revision from a reply that junior education minister Annpurna Devi made in the Lok Sabha on July 18 last year. Nationalist Congress Party member Mohammed Faizal had sought details of the experts.#According to the reply, the external experts consulted for the revision of the history books were Umesh Kadam, professor of history, Centre for Historical Studies (CHS), Jawaharlal Nehru University; Archana Verma, associate professor of history at Hindu College, Delhi University (DU); and three postgraduate teachers from schools. There was one round of consultation.

So what the consultations decided to do?: The Telegraph continued: The history books for Classes VI to VIII and Classes IX to XII were written between 2006 and 2008 by two teams of subject experts with Neeladri Bhattacharya, then professor at CHS, as chief adviser. The team that wrote the books for Classes VI to VIII included writer and historian Ramachandra Guha, nine university or college teachers, an education activist and three schoolteachers. The authors’ team for the senior classes had 15 faculty members, a writer, an editor, two activists and three schoolteachers. #The external experts consulted for the revision of the political science textbooks were Vanthangpui Khobung, assistant professor, political science, Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal (an NCERT constituent); Maneesha Pandey, department of political science, Hindu College, DU; and two postgraduate schoolteachers. There were two rounds of consultations.

© Vedaprakash

10-04-2023

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[1] The Telegraph, Deep cuts: Editorial on key deletions from NCERT textbooks, The Editorial Board   |   Published 10.04.23, 06:07 AM.

[2] https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/deep-cuts-editorial-on-key-deletions-from-ncert-textbooks/cid/1928503

[3] India Today, NCERT syllabus rationalisation gives rise to fresh row | Topics removed and why the syllabus was cut down, India Today Education Desk, New Delhi, UPDATED: Apr 7, 2023 17:47 IST.

[4] https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/ncert-syllabus-rationalisation-gives-rise-to-fresh-row-topics-removed-and-why-the-syllabus-was-cut-down-2356572-2023-04-06

[5] The Telegraph, Authors kept in dark on text purge, Basant Kumar Mohanty   |   New Delhi   |   Published 10.04.23, 05:12 AM.

[6] https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/authors-kept-in-dark-on-text-purge/cid/1928485

[7] LiveMint, Historians ‘appalled’ by NCERT trying to make history textbooks ‘one-sided’, Sounak Mukhopadhyay,,Updated: 09 Apr 2023, 08:12 AM IST

[8] https://www.livemint.com/news/india/historians-appalled-by-ncert-trying-to-make-history-textbooks-onesided-11681006405891.html

The 80th session of Indian History Congress held at Kannur University – IHC has become congress of Rowdy historians! [6]

The 80^th session of Indian History Congress held at Kannur University – IHC has become congress of Rowdy historians! [6]

Women who run riot talked about women: The two-day session on ‘Women in India: Reconstructing women’s history’, organised by The Aligarh Historians’ Society, as part of the Indian History Congress (IHC), once again brought to the fore the contentious issue of women’s entry in Sabarimala, as also the issues of gender equality and exploitation of women[1]. Parvathi Menon, who presented the paper on ‘Sabarimala and Women’, said that though women used to enter Sabarimala in the past, and the attitudes towards menstruating women entering the temples were flexible as late as the 1980s, it was still a taboo[2]. The taboo against fertile women entering the Sabarimala precincts was given legal sanction as late as 1991 through a Kerala high court judgment, she pointed out. After the apex court verdict in 2018, permitting women’s entry, the controversy took political tones and a group took the battle to the streets. “The arguments being advanced by defenders of the ban on childbearing age women entering the temples, that Ayyappan is a celibate god, are of recent origin in the centuries-long development of Ayyappa worship, and reflect the mainstreaming of the worship into the Vedic period,” she said.

The Marxist interpretation of women-only encourage Islamic fundamentalism: Without changing mindsets, especially in respect of the new and shackling obscurantisms in the form of personal laws and superstitious beliefs, the gain that Kerala has achieved in great measure through public action towards women’s equality will be eroded, she added, underscoring the contradictions in the Kerala society and the denial of self-reliance for women in the man-woman relationship or in the family. Shalini Shah, in her paper, ‘Engendering female body, sexuality and desire in the Sanskritic tradition’, also discussed the issue of Sabarimala, in the context of female sexuality. “In the masculinist world, ‘sexual desire’ is a male prerogative. Women can be the object of desire, but not a desiring subject themselves,” she pointed out, adding, “We thus see that only a specific kind of woman was objectified in the masculinist discourse as sexually alluring. So, from an entirely male point of view, it is safe for the women of a specific age to enter the precincts of a Brahmachari deity.” Charu Gupta, in her paper, said feminist historians have underlined that both social reforms and nationalism have had an ambiguous relationship with the gender question. The presentations that lasted for two days had 18 papers that explored various aspects of women’s identity, based on myths, legends and social reality across the world. However, they could not discuss anything on Muslim women Triple Talaq Act, progress of them and other minority women.

A Mohammedan minister came to speak for Mohammedans: Minister for higher education K T Jaleel has said no government has ever succeeded in detaining or degrading the minorities[3]. Addressing a special session on the concluding day of the Indian History Congress (IHC) here on Monday 30-12-2019, he said the history shows that the minorities contributed immensely in the progress of the respective nations and society[4]. “French historians noted that France began to decline after the banishment of minorities from their country. If Jews had not been displaced or murdered massively by Hitler, Germany would have become a super economic power of the world,” he said. “The recent CAA, NPR and NRC are imposed hurriedly as part of the political agenda,” he said, adding that historians have to protest and condemn moves against a minority community. However, he did not make any whisper as to how the illegal migrants of Myanmar, Bangladesh etc., have been affecting the Kerala society, polity and economy. He could not discuss about the ISIS problem that is encouraged by the infiltrators from Pakistan, Afganistan etc. In other words, the IHC historians have been colluding with the politicians in this way, to spoil the academic proceedings. Thus, it is evident that the IHC gang and the communists of Kerala have decided to host IHC at Kannur and exploit it, but, the ugly events exposed their hidden agenda bringing bad name to them.

Resolutions passed as usual and none bothers: IHC concluded and deplored the detention of four delegates following the commotion at the inaugural ceremony on December 28 and called for the defence of the composite culture of the country[5]. The resolution passed in this connection also requested the state government not to share the details of the detained people to any central or other agencies[6]. “Confident that the Kerala state government is vigilant in fulfilling its promise of protecting the civil liberty of all citizens, the Indian History Congress hopes that the state government will (a) duly train the police personnel in managing security, and (b) ensure that the personal details of the individuals detained are not communicated to any central or other agencies,” it said. Many resolutions at the IHC were in connections with the present political turbulence over CAA, Jammu and Kashmir and related issues. The IHC without knowing the legality and their local standi, they go on pass such resolutions for the last 35 years, but, none bother and bothered about it. When B. R. Grover was alive, he was the only person to point out their vanity, futility and useless nature of resolutions. As IHC has been losing credibility year by year and now proven to be a den of rowdies, the coming years might witness strength coming down. Moreover, their arrangements of transport, accommodation and food have also been coming down, while the delegate fees increasing. Thus, the delegates were also not satisfied in all aspects.

The agenda of opposing ruling government exposed: Expressing concern over the adverse conditions for research and educational institutions in Jammu and Kashmir, owing to the official closure of internet and libraries, and non-functioning of educational institutions since August, the IHC, in another resolution, called upon the authorities to lift restrictions on internet and take measures to restore normalcy in J&K. It also condemned the police action in some universities following protests against CAA. The resolution said it is conscious of the adverse effects such violent acts will have on academic freedom and pursuit of research and instruction. “Political figures should refrain from inaccurate statements as the one about India having been under ‘foreign rule for one thousand years’ as if all Muslim rulers were foreigners,” read another resolution. Disagreement with the National Education Policy, another resolution said the move to infuse ‘heavy dose of Sanskrit’ at all levels of education including science and technology, social science and Indian system of knowledge… will make education not only static but unequal and unjust for many. In another resolution on ‘built heritage,’ it said the Indian heritage is still in danger, and there were efforts to alter the authenticity of monuments that have affected their historicity. IHC president Amiya Kumar Bagchi, secretary Mahalakshmi Ramakrishnan and treasurer Burton Cleetus denied any protocol violation on their part at the inaugural ceremony.

Questions raised and posed to historians, history students and related persons: Having seen the behaviour of the historians, the general public may raise many questions:

1. The IHC historians have been reportedly highly educated, elite, emeritus and so on, why then, they behaved in this way?
2. Why the well-learned professors, HODs, and others raised hands, turned their faces ugly, shouted badly and virtually run riot before others?
3. Definitely, they must have known what is decency and decorum to be maintained in such functions. They have invited Governors, Chief Ministers, Prime Ministers etc., and therefore, treating the same class differently raises the credibility, accountability and responsibility.
4. What the youngsters, young students and others would think about these historians and others? Or they giving field-training in this way to become rowdy-historians in coming years.
5. Would they want to nurture, teach and bring up good students or rowdies, raising slogans, disrespecting the authorities, fighting with the police and so on?
6. The “two women delegates” were actually, verifying the genuine nature of the members and giving clearance. However, on 27^th, they were virtually harassing the delegates because of their technical fault [they are not getting the connection or some issue]. How then, these two could run riot?
7. Or, were the organizers planned to use these women as a front to create a problem and get undue publicity?
8. Had all involved been really interested in history, research and related areas, they would not have indulged in such “unhistorical,” un-academic and unruly activities. Yet they did – proved that they had bad intentions.
9. Historians have not done their duty for the last 70 years and therefore, they cannot do anything with the Acts and laws of the land. Therefore, it is better they concentrate in history and save their honour instead of poking nose in politics etc. Would they learn a lesson or do otherwise?

© Vedaprakash

08-01-2020

[1] Times of India, Sabarimala comes to the fore at IHC session, P Sudhakaran | TNN | Dec 31, 2019, 11:50 IST.

[2] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/sabarimala-comes-to-the-fore-at-ihc-session/articleshow/73041989.cms

[3] Ties of India, No government can succeed by degrading minorities, says Jaleel, TNN | Dec 31, 2019, 4:4m9 IST.

[4] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/no-government-can-succeed-by-degrading-minorities-says-jaleel/articleshow/73037212.cms

[5] Times of India, IHC concludes, slams detention of delegates, TNN | Dec 31, 2019, 4:45 IST

[6] http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/ihc-concludes-slams-detention-of-delegates/articleshow/73037182.cms

Problems in Historiography

In spite of having vast area with millions of monuments, inscriptions, palm-leaf books on various subjects, oldest languages, periodical celebration of festivals and ceremonies, culture, heritage, tradition and civilization, India has been accused of not having “history” before “Mauryas”.

At one side, Indian children and youth are taught about their thousands of years old culture, tradition etc., with c.3500 BCE old Sanskrit literature etc., whereas at the other side, historians write that before c.300 BCE, India had no history.

Then what happened in India?

Were Indians roaming as megalithic, neolithic, mesolithic, and paleolithic men here and there before c.300 BCE?

How then, the Egypts, Persians and Greeks were getting Gold and Iron from these barbarians ad uncivilized stone-age brutes?

Why the Egyptian, Assyrian, Sumerian and other ancient civilizations had been after India to get Indian goods?

How they could have obtained gold, iron, nice rice, fine teak, beautiful peacock, shining pearls, soft textiles etc., from them?

From IVC to Mauryan period, what happened?

How then, the poor Indians have been carrying over the same stories of Ramayana ad Mahabharata over more than 2000 years?

Were the ancient Tamil / “Sangam” poets liars to record and carry over such myth?

How these Indians living language without script, mathematics without numbers, sculptures without geometry, calendar without time-reckoning, astronomy without any observation, philosophy without thinking (by being stone-age men), navigation without ships, etc?

If one has to believe Herodotus, the “Father of History”, Indians were having two heads, three eyes, ants with dog-size, trees with growing wool, etc. So in such “fairy land”, the barbaria Indiandd should have exported all their goods catrering to their needs.

So, it is clear that something is wrong somewhere in Indian history?

How it has happened without diagnosis?

Why it is continuing?

Like this, many questions are to be answered.